🇨🇦Canada

This section outlines the aviation physiology knowledge requirements for pilots of RPAS (250 g up to 150 kg) in Canada, covering vision, hearing, orientation, body rhythms, sleep, medications, substance abuse, environmental factors, and toxic hazards.

To keep your pilot certificate valid (recency), you must complete one of three activities every 24 months: attend a TC safety seminar, complete an RPAS recurrent training program, or complete a TC self-paced study program.

This standard establishes the examination pass marks, flight review exercises, recency requirements, and training provider self-declaration criteria for remotely piloted aircraft systems in Canada.

This section provides guidance on exemptions from standard 922.10 declarations for atypical airspace or vision-based DAA operations, defines populated and sparsely populated areas, and outlines the requirements, privileges, and fees for obtaining a Level 1 Complex Operations pilot certificate.

You can begin taking the Level 1 Complex exam and applying for your RPOC starting April 1, 2025, to prepare for the new rules.

You must be at least 18 years old to obtain a Level 1 Complex pilot certificate.

You must be qualified for advanced operations, meet recency requirements, and hold the required qualifications for the specific SAIL level of the operation.

If you fly unsafely, enter restricted areas, or fly at an event without permission, you can be fined up to $3,000 as an individual.

To become a flight reviewer, you must pass a Transport Canada multiple-choice exam covering both the advanced operations knowledge areas in this guide and the flight review procedures in TP15395.

To get your certificate, you must take the appropriate exam (Small Basic, Advanced, or Level 1 Complex) based on your operation category.

This section outlines the examination requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots, including the number of questions, time limits, and pass marks for Basic Operations, Advanced Operations, and Flight Reviewer exams, as well as the 24-hour waiting period required before rewriting any exam.

Corporations face much higher fines (up to $15,000 per infraction) if their pilots violate microdrone rules.

To pass the Basic Operations exam, you must score at least 65% within the 1.5-hour time limit on the 35-question test.

For official updates, resources, and certification details, you should visit the Transport Canada Drone Safety website.

This section outlines the delivery method for TCCA RPAS pilot examinations and suggests materials candidates should have on hand during the test.

When you receive your exam results, the letter will include feedback statements showing you which topics you got wrong, helping you identify areas for improvement.

This section introduces TP 15530 as the official ground training and examination guide for pilots operating Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) in Level 1 Complex Operations under Part IX of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs).

To pass the Advanced Operations exam, you must score at least 80% within the 1-hour time limit on the 50-question test.

You must be aware that carrying weapons (munitions of war) on your drone is prohibited unless you have explicit authorization.

You must be able to read and answer the exam questions in English or French on your own. If you require accommodations, you must submit a request in advance using the contact details in the Drone Management Portal.

If you fail or need to retake any RPAS exam, you must wait at least 24 hours before you can rewrite it.

This section outlines the examination requirements for obtaining basic and advanced small RPA pilot certificates and flight reviewer ratings in Canada, and explains how candidates receive feedback on incorrect exam answers.

This section outlines the exam parameters (50 questions, 1.5 hours, 80% pass mark) for the Level 1 Complex Operations RPAS exam and establishes a 24-hour waiting period before rewriting any RPAS exam.

If you are flying a drone and notice that aviation safety or anyone's personal safety is in danger (or likely to be), you must stop the flight immediately.

It is highly recommended that you review TP 15263 (Basic and Advanced Operations) in addition to TP 15530 when preparing for your Level 1 complex operations exam.

Your visual observer cannot be driving a car, steering a boat, or piloting another aircraft while they are acting as your visual observer.

You must be able to read and understand the exam questions in English or French on your own. If you need accommodations, you must request them in advance through the Drone Management Portal.

Your training and knowledge assessment for Level 1 Complex Operations will be structured around nine core areas: Application of procedures and compliance (APK), Automatic Flight Path Management (FPA), Situational Awareness (SAW), Communication (COM), Manual Flight Path Management (FPM), General Knowledge (KNO), Leadership and Teamwork (LTW), Problem Solving and Decision Making (PSD), and Workload Management (WLM).

You must know how to identify altimeter setting and standard pressure regions, and understand the operational requirements and permissions needed for Class F restricted airspace.

Before launching, you and all crew members must review the normal and emergency procedures, and these procedures must be immediately accessible during the flight.

This section mandates that pilots establish, review, and adhere to normal and emergency operating procedures for RPAS operations, ensuring they reflect manufacturer instructions and are immediately available to all crew members.

You should use the NAV CANADA VFR Phraseology guide to study standard aviation radio communication terminology and procedures.

Your visual observers are legally required to immediately tell you if they see conflicting aircraft, safety hazards, or people on the ground who might be in danger.

If you fail an RPAS exam, you must wait at least 24 hours before you are allowed to rewrite it.

Before flight, you must ensure that the drone system has been maintained and all mandatory actions (like firmware updates or safety recalls) have been completed according to the manufacturer's instructions or the declarant's instructions.

Before you take off, check your battery levels or fuel to make sure you have enough to complete your planned flight safely.

If you are conducting a beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) flight under Division VI, you must ensure the operator's RPAS operations manual is immediately available to the crew before take-off or launch.

Requires pilots of remotely piloted aircraft to ensure there is no risk of collision and that the operational site is suitable before conducting take-offs, launches, approaches, landings, or recoveries.

Requires the pilot of a remotely piloted aircraft to be familiar with all relevant flight information, including site survey results, manufacturer declarations, and crew qualifications, before commencing a flight.

Before you fly, you must survey the area to make sure it is safe. You need to check the airspace class, NOTAMs, your planned flight paths, nearby airports or heliports, obstacles like power lines or buildings, and the weather forecast.

Before you take off or launch the drone, you must verify that the aircraft itself is in a serviceable condition.

You must be at least 14 years old to be eligible for the basic operations pilot certificate.

You are not allowed to fly a drone or RPA if it has an Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) installed.

Prohibits pilots from handing over their responsibilities to another pilot during flight unless a pre-arrangement is made and a risk mitigation procedure is developed before take-off.

This section regulates the use of first-person view (FPV) devices during RPAS operations, requiring a visual observer to maintain unaided visual contact with the surrounding airspace unless the operation is conducted under Division VI, and provides the definition of an FPV device.

This section requires pilots operating a remotely piloted aircraft system to have both their pilot certificate and documentation proving compliance with recency requirements easily accessible during flight operations.

You must keep a record of your recency activities (such as exams, flight reviews, or recurrent training) and their completion dates for at least 24 months.

You must keep a log or record of any exams, flight reviews, or recurrent training you complete to satisfy recency requirements, including the dates, and keep this record for at least 24 months.

When flying under advanced or level 1 complex rules, you must have your pilot certificate easily accessible (either digitally or physically) during the flight.

You cannot help anyone or receive help from anyone during the exam, unless the Minister has authorized it for accommodation purposes (e.g., disability accommodations).

You are not allowed to copy, photograph, or remove any part of the exam questions or text from the testing location.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for pilots of RPAs between 250 g and 150 kg, specifying the exemption for RPAs under 250 g and the required knowledge subjects under visual line-of-sight (VLOS) operations.

When flying your drone in controlled airspace, you must strictly follow any and all instructions given to you by Air Traffic Control (ATC).

You must know for your pilot certification that your drone must always give way to traditional, manned aircraft.

When taking off, launching, landing, or recovering the drone during an extended VLOS or sheltered operation, you and your control station must be located at the designated site for these activities.

If convicted of an offence, you could face a fine of up to $150,000. For serious violations like falsification or interference, you could also face up to one year in prison.

You must know the rules and requirements for operating a small RPA in basic operations.

You are prohibited from flying your drone over or inside emergency security perimeters.

You must know the 24-month recency requirements to keep your pilot certificate valid.

You will not be held liable for a violation if you can prove that you took all reasonable steps and precautions to prevent it from happening.

You must understand how temperature and pressure affect density altitude, and be able to assess how density altitude will impact your drone's takeoff, launch, and flight performance.

You must be able to use VNC and VTA aeronautical charts and the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) to find your position, identify control zones, find nearby airports, and check if your charts are up to date.

Establishes the legal framework for administrative violations under the Canadian Aeronautics Act, including rules on continuing violations, the due diligence defence, and vicarious liability for aircraft owners, operators, and pilots-in-command.

Even if you fly a micro drone (under 250 g), you are still legally subject to the rules prohibiting reckless or negligent operation.

For extended VLOS flights, you must have a visual observer who keeps their eyes on the airspace (without binoculars or other visual aids, except corrective lenses) to watch for other aircraft and hazards.

You must be able to describe basic electrical components (motors, ESCs, batteries) and explain why keeping them dry is critical for safe operation.

You must be able to recognize different cloud types, understand how they impact low-level drone flights, and identify risks associated with vertical cloud development (like convective turbulence).

You must know the specific recency requirements that must be met every 24 months to keep your advanced RPA pilot certificate valid.

To operate in Level 1 complex operations, you must understand how high and low pressure systems, convergence, and divergence move air, and how temperature affects pressure changes with altitude and overall air density and aircraft performance.

You must know what constitutes a prohibited commercial air service operation under the general rules.

As pilot-in-command, you can be held liable for violations committed by your crew members, unless you did not consent to the violating action.

You must understand how mechanical turbulence (from wind hitting structures or terrain) affects your drone's stability, and be aware that smooth camera feeds or autopilot systems can hide the actual level of stress and turbulence the aircraft is experiencing.

You must understand how atmospheric conditions create icing, which RPA surfaces are susceptible, how icing affects RPA flight, and how to forecast and respect manufacturer icing limitations.

You need to understand key navigation terms such as latitude, longitude, variation, track, heading, airspeed, bearing, wind velocity, and drift.

You must not intentionally interfere with any drone operation or its crew members while the drone is powered on, unless authorized.

This section of TP 15263 outlines the meteorological knowledge requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots operating aircraft from 250 g up to 150 kg, covering atmospheric pressure, altimetry, moisture, stability, clouds, surface layers, turbulence, wind, and fronts.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for RPA pilots in Level 1 complex operations regarding interpersonal relations (multi-crew resource management and communication) and meteorology (atmospheric properties and the Standard Atmosphere).

You must be able to describe what to look for when performing a pre-flight site survey (like obstacles, people, and airspace).

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for RPA pilots operating within level 1 complex operations, specifically covering performance charts/data, weight and balance, and aircraft critical surface contamination.

You need to understand how a magnetic compass works, the difference between true and magnetic north (variation), what can interfere with its operation, and why calibration is important.

You must understand how fog forms and clears, and be able to identify other hazards that reduce visibility, such as haze, smoke, or blowing snow/dust.

You must know what an IMU does in a drone, what can cause it to fail or misbehave, and how to recognize IMU errors.

You must understand how to scan the sky effectively for conflicting aircraft, how distant aircraft can cause perspective illusions, and what factors influence your alertness.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for RPAS pilots regarding electrical systems, including typical components, servo operations and failures, component maintenance, and system redundancies.

You must be able to identify and name the different parts of your drone's airframe.

You must be able to define atmospheric, station, and sea level pressure, explain how pressure changes with altitude, and understand how high- and low-pressure systems affect wind and weather.

To operate in level 1 complex operations, you must understand human factors such as the 5 hazardous attitudes, crew resource management, situational awareness in BVLOS, and how automation complacency affects safety.

You must know that you cannot fly near any aerodrome if it could disrupt the normal flight paths of manned aircraft.

You must understand different propulsion systems, 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, and how the aircraft behaves if the propulsion system fails.

You must understand the risks of transporting LiPo batteries, how the Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) Act applies to them, and how improper storage or handling degrades battery capacity.

You must understand DAA concepts (like Risk Ratio and ARC), sensor capabilities/limitations, manual vs. automatic collision avoidance, and how to plan avoidance maneuvers.

You need to know what causes electromagnetic interference (including space weather/K index), what harmonic radiation is, and how to minimize interference.

You must understand the operational structure of a Remotely Piloted Operator Certificate (RPOC), how to identify and mitigate hazards, what a Concept of Operations (CONOPS) is, how to manage fuel or battery levels during flight, and how to make adjustments to your flight plan after takeoff.

This section of TP 15263 outlines the knowledge requirements for basic and advanced RPAS pilots in Canada, covering performance data, VLOS, EVLOS, sheltered operations, occupational safety, and theory of flight.

You must know how to manage interruptions to checklists or flights, understand the effects of relying on automation, and know when to use manual control instead of automation.

You need to know how to orient antennas, determine GCS altitude, convert between different altitude references (like AGL and ASL), and identify external factors affecting the GCS.

You must pass the Advanced Operations written exam before you can take your Advanced Operations flight review.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for RPA pilots operating within level 1 complex operations in Canada, covering electrical systems, redundancies, ground control stations, C2 links, radio waves, antennas, electromagnetic interference, and batteries.

You must pay a $25.00 fee when you apply to receive and download your Advanced certificate.

To operate under Level 1 complex operations, you must be familiar with multi-crew resource management, effective communication, and dispute resolution techniques.

Requires pilots of remotely piloted aircraft to yield the right of way to all power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, airships, gliders, and balloons at all times.

The control station must display clear information and provide accessible controls so you can fly safely and understand how your inputs affect the aircraft.

You must be able to explain how to identify and avoid the hazards and risks associated with thunderstorms.

You must be able to identify single points of failure, plan for system abnormalities, understand how pre-flight checks prevent latent failures, and understand flight envelope protection.

This section outlines the requirements for RPAS ground training programs, including a minimum 20-hour curriculum based on TP 15263, and establishes the verification and conduct requirements for flight reviewers performing flight reviews.

If you are flying a microdrone (under 250 grams), you do not need to obtain a pilot certificate.

Once you pass the exam and pay the required fee, your Advanced Operations Pilot Certificate will be issued to you immediately.

To operate under level 1 complex operations, you must be able to find wind limits in the manufacturer's data and use performance charts to determine how your drone will perform.

You must know how to plan access routes (normal and emergency), assess environmental factors, calculate population density, and plan detect-and-avoid (DAA) procedures.

With an Advanced certificate, you are allowed to fly both basic and advanced drone operations.

Your certificate does not expire, but you must keep your skills up-to-date to remain compliant.

You must hold an Advanced Operations Pilot Certificate before you can apply for a medium or high-complexity SFOC.

This section outlines that the Level 1 Complex Operations RPAS pilot examinations are delivered online via computer and suggests that candidates prepare pencil and paper for notes and calculations.

TCCA recommends having a pencil and paper nearby when starting your online exam so you can sketch diagrams or do math.

You must be able to define RPA, RPAS, command and control link, and control station, as well as state who can inspect your documents and how computer-stored records may be used.

You must complete a recency activity (such as a self-paced study program or other approved activity) to keep your drone pilot certificate valid.

This portal page provides access to Transport Canada's drone pilot licensing services, including exam registration, flight reviewer ratings, Special Flight Operations Certificates (SFOC), RPAS Operator Certificates (ROC), and recency requirements.

Before you can take any Transport Canada drone exams, you must register and create an account on the online Drone Management Portal.

To pass the Level 1 complex operations exam, you must score at least 80% within the 1.5-hour time limit on the 50-question test.

To act as a pilot, you must have obtained your pilot certificate, passed a required written exam, completed a flight review, or completed an approved recurrent training activity within the 24 months preceding your flight.

You must pass a flight review with a qualified flight reviewer within the 12 months before you apply for your advanced certificate.

As the operator of an aircraft, you can be held responsible for violations involving that aircraft, unless it was taken and used without your consent.

To meet the knowledge requirements for a Canadian RPAS pilot certificate, you must understand the factors that influence and interfere with decision-making, situational awareness, stress, risk management, attitudes, and workload-attention processing.

You must know how servos function, how to recognize when a servo has failed, and the importance of maintaining component integrity.

You must understand what causes turbulence (such as wind blowing over buildings, trees, or mountains) and be able to identify sources of wind shear and micro-climate turbulence that could destabilize your drone.

You need to know how environmental factors affect your drone's electrical systems, what its waterproof rating means, and how to calculate battery usage.

You must be able to explain how icing forms, recognize conditions causing surface contamination, identify RPA components susceptible to icing, and understand the effects of frost and ice on launch/recovery systems.

You must be able to explain how to apply for an advanced RPA pilot certificate and what is required to conduct advanced operations.

This section prohibits pilots from operating a remotely piloted aircraft that is equipped with an Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT).

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots regarding the principles, operation, errors, and calibration of magnetic compasses and altimeters.

You need to understand how GPS works, how augmentation systems like DGPS are used, the impact of losing GPS in flight, and what factors (like weather or satellite count) affect GPS performance.

For basic or advanced RPAS operations in Canada, you must be able to describe the chemical composition, physical properties, density, and pressure of the earth's atmosphere.

You need to know how turns, turbulence, and wind gusts affect the load factor on your drone, and understand that higher load factors require more lift (which increases drag) and can push the drone past its structural or power limits.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots (Basic and Advanced operations) regarding interpersonal relations (including communication, safety culture, and operating pressures) and meteorology (specifically the composition, physical properties, density, and pressure of the earth's atmosphere).

You need to understand how radio waves travel, which frequencies are legal in Canada, what causes signal attenuation or reflection, and how to maximize signal strength.

This section requires pilots to conduct a site survey before operating a remotely piloted aircraft system to ensure the operational volume is suitable, specifying general factors to consider as well as specific distance factors for VLOS, EVLOS, sheltered, and BVLOS operations.

As the pilot-in-command (or remote pilot-in-command of a drone), you hold the ultimate legal responsibility and authority for the safety of the flight.

The control station equipment must behave predictably so you can intervene and take control appropriately during flight.

The system is designed to help you catch and manage normal operational mistakes, but this protection does not cover manual flying skill errors, reckless decisions, or malicious acts.

You must score at least 65% on the Basic Operations online exam to qualify for your basic pilot certificate.

You must score at least 80% on the Advanced Operations exam to qualify for your advanced pilot certificate.

The control station equipment must be designed to allow you, as a trained pilot, to safely perform all flight tasks in any environment the system is rated for.

You can access and take the Level 1 Complex exam online immediately.

If you want to become a flight reviewer, you must score at least 80% on the Flight Reviewers exam.

Before taking a Level 1 Complex Operations flight review, you must pass the Level 1 Complex exam and show proof of completing ground school.

Once you pass the exam and pay the fee, your Level 1 Complex pilot certificate will be issued immediately.

You must be at least 18 years old to apply for and receive a Level 1 Complex Operations pilot certificate.

With a Level 1 Complex certificate, you are authorized to conduct both basic and advanced operations in addition to complex operations.

To fly lower-risk BVLOS, you must be 18 or older, pass the online exam, complete 20 hours of ground school, and pass a flight review.

You must pay a fee of $125.00 when you apply for your Level 1 Complex Operations certificate.

If you have an Advanced Pilot Certificate, you will automatically gain the privilege to fly sheltered operations, EVLOS, and medium drones within VLOS starting November 4, 2025. You must keep your certificate current and learn the new rules.

This overview outlines how drone operation categories and pilot certificates in Canada are determined by drone weight, safety features, distance from people, and airspace, and defines the four drone size classifications based on weight.

You must be at least 16 years old to obtain an Advanced pilot certificate.

This section provides a comparative overview of Canadian drone operation categories (Basic, Advanced, and Level 1 Complex), detailing minimum certification ages, visual line-of-sight requirements, and permissions regarding operations closer to or over people.

This section provides guidance on pilot certification and permission requirements for specific drone operations in Canada, including microdrones, advertised events, large drones, and beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) flights.

Even though microdrones have fewer restrictions, you are legally prohibited from flying them in a reckless or careless way that could endanger people on the ground or other aircraft.

When you take your basic or advanced RPAS pilot exam, you must use a computer with an internet connection.

To prepare for your basic or advanced RPAS exam, you should study the recommended publications such as the TC AIM (TP 14371), AC 903-001, Human Factors handbooks, and NAV CANADA aeronautical charts.

This document outlines the subjects and knowledge areas you will be tested on during your Transport Canada basic or advanced online examinations.

This section outlines the prerequisites for candidates taking Transport Canada RPAS examinations, including the requirement to register on the Drone Management Portal and language proficiency expectations.

You cannot take these exams in person or at a traditional testing center; they must be completed online using Transport Canada's Drone Management Portal.

If you are applying for a Basic pilot certificate, you must pass the Transport Canada multiple-choice exam based on the basic operations subjects outlined in this guide.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for RPAS pilots regarding radio communication failures for traditional aircraft in Class C or D airspace, and the restriction on carrying weapons on an RPA.

If you are training to become a pilot for Level 1 Complex RPAS operations in Canada, your ground training and written exams will be based on the knowledge requirements in this document.

You must pass the Transport Canada multiple-choice exam covering the subjects in TP 15530 to get your Level 1 complex operations pilot certificate.

This section outlines the examination feedback process for the Level 1 Complex Operations RPA pilot certificate, establishes the requirement to pass the Transport Canada multiple-choice exam, and provides a list of recommended study materials.

You must be able to define terms like small/medium RPA, payload, visual observer, BVLOS, and contingency volume. You must also know the restrictions on operating near forest fires or emergency sites, and commercial air service prohibitions.

You must know the specific rules for Level 1 Complex operations, including visual observer usage, pre-flight aeronautical info, normal/emergency procedures, minimum distances from people/airports, weather minimums (visibility/ceiling), site surveys, pilot certification, and technical declarations.

To take the Level 1 Complex Operations exam, you must first complete the Level 1 complex operations ground school and have already passed the Advanced Exam.

Before you can take any drone exams in Canada, you must set up an account on the Transport Canada Drone Management Portal.

You must understand basic aerodynamics, weight and balance, launch/recovery procedures, and how to assess if an aircraft is airworthy if an issue is found during your pre-flight inspection.

Before starting the exam, it is highly recommended to have a pencil and paper ready to help you take notes, draw diagrams, or perform calculations.

You must take this examination on a computer with an active internet connection.

Provides a list of recommended external study materials and reference guides for pilots preparing for RPAS Level 1 Complex Operations, covering radio phraseology, radiotelephone licensing, dangerous goods, and general RPAS guidelines.

You can use the RPAS 101 guide as an introductory or general reference for flying RPAS in Canada.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements (syllabus) for RPA pilots operating within Level 1 Complex Operations in Canada, covering CARs Parts I, VI, and IX, as well as RPA airframes and systems.

You are considered a foreign pilot if you do not hold Canadian citizenship or permanent residency.

You must not act as a pilot or crew member of an RPAS if you are tired, fatigued, or otherwise unfit to perform your duties safely.

You must follow the established normal and emergency procedures at all times during the flight.

You must wait at least 12 hours after consuming any alcohol before you can act as a crew member of an RPAS.

Requires a pilot to immediately cease operating a remotely piloted aircraft system if aviation safety or the safety of any person is endangered or likely to be endangered.

You must always yield the right of way to any manned aircraft (such as airplanes, helicopters, airships, gliders, and balloons). Ensure your flight path does not interfere with or force these aircraft to take evasive action.

Requires all crew members of a remotely piloted aircraft system to comply with the pilot's instructions during flight time.

You are strictly prohibited from acting as an RPAS crew member if you are under the influence of alcohol, regardless of how much time has passed since consumption.

This section establishes the requirements and restrictions for visual observers assisting RPAS pilots, including communication duties, limits on the number of aircraft observed, and prohibitions on operating moving vehicles while performing duties.

During flight, any crew members (such as visual observers) supporting your operation are legally required to follow your instructions.

Before flying, you must have established normal procedures (like pre-flight, take-off, landing) and emergency procedures (covering failures, loss of link, fly-aways, and hazard avoidance).

If you are flying VLOS, EVLOS, or a sheltered operation, your pre-flight site survey must specifically assess how far you will be from any bystanders or people not involved in your operation.

If you are flying beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS), your pre-flight site survey must specifically evaluate your distance from populated or sparsely populated areas.

Before flight, brief your crew members (such as visual observers) on what they need to do and where emergency equipment is located and how to use it.

Before you take off or launch the drone, you must ensure that the manufacturer's operating manuals for the RPAS are immediately accessible to all crew members.

Before taking off, figure out how far away your drone can safely fly from you without risking the safety of other aircraft or people on the ground.

You must ensure that all equipment required by the regulations or the manufacturer (including ground control stations, launch systems, etc.) is properly installed and working before you fly.

You must not fly your drone if icing conditions are observed, reported, or likely to occur along your flight path, unless your drone is equipped with de-icing/anti-icing systems or you have a reliable way to detect ice buildup.

Before you take off, launch, approach, land, or recover your drone, you must actively verify that there is no risk of colliding with any person, obstacle, or other aircraft.

Before taking off, you must inspect your drone and ensure there is absolutely no frost, ice, or snow stuck to any of its critical surfaces (such as wings, rotors, or propellers).

Before you take off, launch, land, or recover your drone, you must confirm that the site you are using is suitable and safe for that specific action.

You are not allowed to fly a drone if its system design prevents you from intervening or taking control during flight.

This section prohibits the operation of any remotely piloted aircraft system that does not allow the pilot to intervene in the management of the flight.

This section prohibits the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft system in icing conditions unless equipped with de-icing/anti-icing systems or detection means, and strictly bans flight with frost, ice, or snow on any critical surfaces.

If you fly using FPV goggles or a monitor that gives you an onboard perspective, you must have a visual observer who keeps an eye on the sky around you to spot other aircraft or hazards, unless you are operating under Division VI.

You are not allowed to fly your drone in formation with other aircraft (manned or unmanned) unless you and the other pilots have coordinated and agreed on the flight plan beforehand.

Prohibits a pilot from operating a remotely piloted aircraft while simultaneously operating a moving vehicle, vessel, or manned aircraft.

You cannot fly a drone if you are currently driving a moving car, operating a moving boat, or flying a manned aircraft.

You are prohibited from triggering your drone's flight termination system (FTS) if doing so would endanger other aircraft or people on the ground.

Prohibits a pilot from activating a flight termination system if doing so would endanger or is likely to endanger aviation safety or the safety of any person.

You must be at least 14 years old to fly a drone under basic operations, unless you are flying under the direct supervision of a qualified person.

This section establishes the minimum age of 14 and the pilot certification requirements for operating a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) under Division II (Basic Operations), while providing an exception for operations conducted under direct supervision.

This section outlines the requirements for the Minister to issue a pilot certificate for small remotely piloted aircraft (VLOS) for basic operations, which include being at least 14 years of age and passing the basic operations examination.

To fly under basic operations, you must hold either a basic, advanced, or level 1 complex RPAS pilot certificate, unless you are flying under direct supervision.

To get your certificate, you must pass the basic operations exam, which covers the knowledge requirements specified in Transport Canada document TP 15263.

The control station must clearly and conspicuously warn you of any failures or unsafe conditions so you do not make mistakes that make the situation worse.

Establishes a mandatory 24-hour waiting period before a person who has failed an RPAS examination under this Division can retake it.

Establishes rules for taking RPAS examinations, prohibiting the copying or removal of exam text, unauthorized assistance, and completing an exam on behalf of another person.

When flying your drone, you must have your pilot certificate (basic, advanced, or level 1 complex, depending on your operation) easily accessible.

Before you fly, make sure that within the last 24 months you have either been issued your certificate, passed one of the required exams, completed a flight review, or completed a recurrent training activity under Standard 921.

If you fail your drone pilot exam, you must wait at least 24 hours before you are allowed to try taking it again.

You can operate an advanced RPAS without meeting the age or certificate requirements if you are under the direct supervision of someone who is permitted to operate under Division IV or Division VI.

Defines the requirements for the issuance of a Pilot Certificate - Remotely Piloted Aircraft - Advanced Operations by the Minister, including age, examination, and flight review criteria.

You must be at least 16 years of age to be eligible for an advanced operations pilot certificate.

This section establishes the 24-month recency requirements and associated record-keeping obligations for holders of advanced and level 1 complex pilot certificates.

Establishes the pilot requirements for operating a remotely piloted aircraft system under advanced operations, requiring pilots to be at least 16 years old and hold an advanced or level 1 complex pilot certificate, unless operating under direct supervision.

You must have documentation (such as a logbook, training record, or exam results) proving you meet the 24-month recency requirements easily accessible during the flight.

Imposes a mandatory 24-hour waiting period before an individual who has failed an RPAS examination or flight review may retake it.

You must be at least 16 years old to fly a drone under advanced operations, unless you are being directly supervised by a qualified pilot.

If you fail your online exam or your flight review, you are prohibited from attempting it again until at least 24 hours have passed since the failed attempt.

This section establishes the certification, visual contact, and distance requirements for visual observers performing duties during extended VLOS (EVLOS) operations.

This section establishes the operational requirements and limitations for conducting extended visual line-of-sight (VLOS) operations and sheltered operations, including pilot and control station location, maximum distance limits, minimum distance from uninvolved persons, and visual observer requirements.

You need to be familiar with standard regulatory definitions such as VLOS, EVLOS, payload, and operating weight categories.

If you act as a visual observer for an EVLOS flight, you must hold at least a basic pilot certificate, an advanced pilot certificate, or a level 1 complex pilot certificate.

If you own an aircraft, you can be fined for violations committed with it, even if someone else was flying, unless they took your aircraft without your permission.

If you violate a designated provision of the Canadian aviation regulations, you are liable to pay an administrative monetary penalty.

You must always operate in a manner that does not put other aircraft or people at risk.

If you commit a violation and continue it over multiple flights or flight segments, you can be fined separately for each individual flight or segment.

You must be able to identify the correct aeronautical charts and publications to check before you fly.

You must know what lights your drone is required to have if you fly at night.

Your certificate is valid indefinitely (it does not expire), but you must maintain your skills and recency.

You must know that if your drone flies away and is heading towards controlled airspace, you must notify air traffic control immediately.

You must know the exact minimum distance you must keep your drone away from people who are not part of your crew.

You must know that the person conducting your advanced flight review must hold a valid flight reviewer rating.

You must know the minimum flight visibility required before you can take off.

You must be able to locate and understand your drone manufacturer's guidelines to determine which repairs you are allowed to perform yourself and which ones must be sent to an authorized repair facility.

You must know that you cannot fly your drone outside of Canadian domestic airspace without a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC).

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for pilots regarding basic operations, including pilot certificate application, operational requirements, and the 24-month recency requirements for small RPA (VLOS) operations.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements and sample learning objectives for RPA pilots in Canada regarding RPA airframes, specifically handling, care, securing, and identifying damage or repair guidelines.

You must understand the hazards associated with flying when some systems are inoperative, and how system redundancy can mitigate risks during flight.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots regarding control stations, specifically covering pilot and antenna orientation, software version control, and flight simulation.

You need to understand how your physical orientation and the direction of your control station antennas relative to the drone affect signal strength, link quality, and control.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements and learning objectives for Canadian RPA pilots regarding airspeed indicators and Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs).

You must understand how altimeters work, the purpose of barometric settings, the effects of a blocked static system, how GPS altitude differs from barometric altitude, how to convert GPS altitude to ASL, and common altimeter errors.

To meet the training and knowledge standards for basic or advanced RPAS operations in Canada, you should understand how to communicate effectively with flight crew, air traffic services, and the public, prioritize safety over organizational hierarchy, and manage pressures from family, peers, or employers.

You must understand how extreme heat or cold affects your performance, the impact of noise, and how to recognize carbon monoxide poisoning, especially if operating from a vehicle.

This section of TP 15263 details the aviation psychology and human factors knowledge requirements for pilots of RPAS from 250 g up to 150 kg in Canada, covering decision-making, situational awareness, risk management, and pilot-equipment interaction.

You must be able to identify the differences between stable and unstable air, including how they affect flight visibility, turbulence, and the formation of smog or fog.

You must know how to read aviation forecasts (like TAFs), understand their validity periods, and compare the forecast weather (ceiling, wind, visibility, etc.) against both your drone's limits and Canadian regulatory requirements.

You must understand how pressure differences create wind, how surface heating changes wind in the friction layer, and how local terrain or city buildings create specialized wind patterns (like land/sea breezes, slope winds, and urban wind tunnels).

You must know how prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines, alcohol, and illicit drugs affect your performance, including hangover or long-term impairment effects.

You must understand how weather fronts form between different air masses and be able to describe how the weather (wind, temperature, precipitation) changes as a cold or warm front passes your location.

This section outlines the meteorological knowledge requirements for RPAS pilots operating aircraft between 250 g and 150 kg in Canada, specifically covering aircraft icing, thunderstorms, meteorological services, and aviation weather reports.

You must be able to explain what factors (like property boundaries, restricted airspaces, or the need for a Special Flight Operations Certificate) dictate where you can safely and legally fly.

For the Canadian RPAS pilot certificate, you must be able to explain the interpretation of controls and displays, the benefits of SOPs, how to manage checklist interruptions, and the risks associated with automation and complacency.

You must know how to access local weather information via FICs, aviation websites, and ATIS, and understand why aviation-specific forecasts are different from general public weather forecasts.

You must be able to decode METAR, AWOS, and LWIS reports, find where to access them, and use this data to ensure your planned flight complies with weather-related regulations.

You need to know where to find NOTAMs, how to look them up (including GPS-specific NOTAMs), and how to read and understand their coded information.

You must be able to describe the three stages of thunderstorm development, identify approaching thunderstorm characteristics, and recognize associated hazards like microbursts, lightning, and wind shear.

You must know exactly which documents (such as pilot certificates, registration, or manuals) must be on hand and accessible to the crew during a flight.

This section outlines the knowledge and practical demonstration requirements for RPAS pilots regarding flight planning, including airspace assessment, NOTAMs, CFS usage, emergency planning, document availability, and aircraft serviceability.

You must know how to check that the drone, ground control station, radio links, launchers, software versions, maps/databases, and batteries (including their health and charge) are fully functional and safe to use.

You must understand the function of an ATC radar transponder and locator devices.

As part of your flight planning, you must find and write down the contact numbers for local emergency services (like police or fire) and local authorities.

You must understand how to calculate your battery or fuel needs, how loading affects the drone's balance, and how head, tail, or crosswinds will change your maximum flying time and distance.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements and learning objectives for Canadian RPAS pilots operating aircraft between 250 g and 150 kg, covering radio theory, GNSS/GPS, radar aids, and general flight operations.

You must be familiar with radio wave propagation, RF interference, spectrum analyzers, and frequency bands to pass your pilot exam and operate safely.

You must know how to use standard aeronautical radio terminology, make routine and emergency broadcasts, and understand the Industry Canada Operator Certificate (Aeronautical) requirements.

You must check your antennas before flight and know how to find manufacturer specifications regarding antenna requirements.

This section outlines the training and knowledge requirements for RPA pilots in Canada operating aircraft between 250 g and 150 kg, specifically focusing on aerodynamic load factors and radiotelephony communications.

You must understand how barometric altimeters are set, how different pressure regions affect your flight, the differences between GPS, barometric, ellipsoidal, and geometric altitudes, and how to convert GPS altitude to Above Sea Level (ASL).

You must understand how the RF environment affects your C2 link, how to handle a lost link, the pros/cons of cellular or satellite links, and how latency and bandwidth interact.

You must be able to describe fuel systems, fuel hazards, consumption assessment, safe storage, and grounding/bonding techniques.

You must know how to follow manufacturer maintenance instructions and understand when independent verification is required.

This section outlines the specific knowledge requirements regarding magnetic compasses and altimeters that an RPA pilot must master to conduct level 1 complex operations.

You must know the danger areas, methods of launch and recovery (including mobile platforms), and emergency actions if a failure occurs during these phases.

You must know how solar flares, terrain, and buildings affect GPS signals, and understand different GPS positioning and augmentation solutions.

This section outlines the aviation physiology knowledge requirements for RPA pilots operating within level 1 complex operations, focusing on the effects of environmental factors, fatigue, and temperature on pilots, visual observers, and flight operations.

You must understand autopilot systems, including their limitations, faults, emergency actions, programming precautions, failure effects, autonomy levels, and RTH/termination procedures.

To operate under Level 1 complex operations, you must be able to explain how airspeed differs from ground speed and identify the speed-sensing system on your RPA.

You must understand the risks of wind gusts and how wind behaves in urban environments (such as wind tunneling between buildings), and review relevant operator guidance for urban flights.

You must understand and correctly apply standard aeronautical navigational terms and definitions.

You must understand how visibility-reducing layers like fog, haze, or smoke affect your flight, how they clear up, and how low clouds might force traditional manned aircraft to fly lower, potentially conflicting with your RPA.

Outlines the knowledge requirements for pilots operating under Level 1 complex operations in Canada, specifically covering airspeed indicators, inertial measurement units (IMU), detect and avoid (DAA) systems, and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS/GPS).

You must understand how the passage of warm or cold fronts affects flight conditions and be able to identify the specific frontal zones and conditions that lead to highly hazardous freezing rain.

You must understand how atmospheric properties affect air density and be able to describe the conditions of the Standard Atmosphere for Level 1 complex operations.

Outlines the meteorological knowledge requirements for RPA pilots operating within level 1 complex operations, covering atmospheric pressure, altimetry, moisture, surface-based layers, turbulence, wind, and frontal weather.

This section details the aviation psychology and pilot-equipment relationship knowledge requirements for RPA pilots operating within level 1 complex operations in Canada.

You must be able to calculate or assess density altitude and pressure altitude, understanding how they impact your RPA's performance (especially during takeoff/launch) and instrument readings.

You must be able to find and interpret weather reports, read Graphic Area Forecasts (GFAs), predict fog or icing trends, and assess if the forecast weather fits your RPA and control station limits.

You must understand how moisture impacts your RPA (such as electrical or aerodynamic risks) and be capable of forecasting adverse moisture conditions like fog, rain, or icing before flight.

You must pass a practical flight review with a reviewer, demonstrating skills like site survey, emergency procedures, take-off, navigation, and landing.

Outlines the knowledge and competency requirements for RPA pilots operating within level 1 complex operations, covering aircraft icing, thunderstorms, meteorological services, navigation definitions, and maps and charts.

You must be able to identify different types of surface contamination (such as ice, frost, or dirt) and explain how they impact your drone's flight characteristics and components.

This section outlines the flight planning and flight operations knowledge and competency requirements that an RPA pilot must demonstrate to operate within Level 1 complex operations in Canada.

You must understand how weight, lift, propeller pitch, thrust, and center of gravity affect your RPA's flight performance and stability.

To fly under Level 1 complex operations, you must be able to plan your flight using software, calculate how wind affects your range and groundspeed, plan for emergencies (like return-to-home and flight termination), identify obstacles and terrain, determine population density, and plan Detect and Avoid (DAA) procedures.

You must know when a weight and balance calculation is necessary, understand how center of gravity deviations affect multirotors (the circular envelope concept), and distinguish between manufacturer recommendations and operator-made changes.

You must know the rules for operating a VHF radio, how to communicate in uncontrolled airspace, how to select communication equipment, and what factors affect communications with your ground crew.

You must be able to convert ATC and pilot altitude reports to RPA altitudes and understand position reports.

This guidance outlines the privileges of holding a Pilot Certificate - Advanced Operations in Canada, including flying closer to people, in controlled airspace, and operating medium drones, as well as the requirement to carry the certificate.

If you have an advanced certificate and a drone with the correct manufacturer declaration, you can fly in controlled airspace (with ATC permission) and fly closer than 30 meters to people, including directly over them if the drone's safety declaration supports it.

When flying EVLOS (where the drone is not in your direct line of sight), you must use a trained visual observer who holds at least a basic drone pilot certificate to watch for hazards.

You must be at least 16 years old to get your Advanced certificate.

This section provides guidance on Extended Visual Line-of-Sight (EVLOS) operations for small drones and Visual Line-of-Sight (VLOS) operations for medium drones, including pilot certification, distance limits, and safety assurance declaration requirements.

To get this certificate, you must pass the Advanced Operations online exam, complete 20 hours of ground school at a flight school, pass the Level 1 Complex online exam, pass a flight review, and submit your application.

To get your Advanced certificate, you must pass the online advanced exam, complete a flight review, and submit your application.

You must be at least 14 years old to obtain a Basic pilot certificate.

To pass the Transport Canada written examinations for Level 1 Complex RPAS operations, you must study the knowledge areas outlined in this document.

As part of your knowledge requirements, you must understand what manned aircraft will do if their radio fails while operating in Class C or D airspace.

This section establishes TP 15263 as the official ground training and examination guide for basic and advanced RPA pilots in Canada, and mandates that all required RPAS examinations be completed online through the Transport Canada Drone Management Portal.

To pass the Flight Reviewer exam, you must score at least 80% within the 1.5-hour time limit on the 30-question test.

If you are applying for an Advanced pilot certificate, you must pass the Transport Canada multiple-choice exam based on the advanced operations subjects outlined in this guide.

If your drone weighs 250g or more, you must pass the Canadian examinations to get a Canadian drone pilot certificate. Your home country's license is not directly transferable.

This section outlines the nine core competency-based training (CBT) knowledge areas required for pilots of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) conducting Level 1 Complex Operations in Canada.

This section outlines the prerequisites for candidates attempting the Level 1 Complex Operations exam, including portal registration, prior training/exams, and language requirements.

If you use visual observers to help detect and avoid traffic or hazards, you must maintain reliable and timely communication with all of them throughout the flight.

Use the RIC-21 Study Guide to prepare for the ROC-A exam, which is required to operate aeronautical radios in Canada.

When applying for a Commercial Specialty Air Service SFOC as a foreign pilot, you must submit proof of citizenship from a country that has a free trade agreement with Canada covering this operation, your pilot qualifications, the purpose of your flight, and your drone's manufacturer and model details.

If you answer questions incorrectly on the exam, your feedback letter will list the general subject areas you missed, rather than the exact questions, to help you study.

Do not act as a crew member if you are using any drug (prescription, over-the-counter, or recreational) that impairs your faculties and could compromise aviation safety or the safety of any person.

A visual observer can only watch one drone at a time, unless you are operating multiple drones under specific rules (901.40(1)) or have a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC).

Before you fly, you must review and be familiar with the site survey results, the manufacturer's declaration for your drone, and the qualifications of your crew members.

You cannot hand over control or pilot responsibilities to another pilot mid-flight unless you both agreed on the handover before take-off and have a specific procedure ready to prevent losing control of the drone during the transfer.

You do not need to be 14 or hold a pilot certificate if you are flying under the direct supervision of someone who is legally permitted to fly under Division II (Basic), Division V (Advanced), or Division VI (Special Flight Operations).

You must have documentation proving you meet the recency requirements (such as flight logs, training records, or exam results) easily accessible while operating your drone.

You cannot take any part of the exam for another person.

To conduct advanced operations, you must hold either a Pilot Certificate — Remotely Piloted Aircraft — Advanced Operations or a Pilot Certificate — Remotely Piloted Aircraft — Level 1 Complex Operations, unless supervised.

You must know that written or established procedures for both normal flights and emergencies are required for every drone operation.

You must pass the 'Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems — Advanced Operations' online exam, which is based on the TP 15263 knowledge requirements document.

If your drone flyaway occurs or is imminent, you must know who to notify to ensure public and airspace safety.

You need to understand why it is critical to inspect and identify damage to propellers, rotors, wiring, structure, and any surface contamination before flight.

You need to know the rules on when and how to use visual observers during your flight.

You must know the application requirements to obtain a basic operations pilot certificate for small RPAs (VLOS).

You must understand how to manage, verify, and update software versions on your control station to ensure safe and compatible operations.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements and learning objectives for RPA pilots in Canada regarding aviation forecasts and navigation, including definitions, map reading, and time calculations.

You must understand how temperature and moisture interact to form clouds and precipitation, how to estimate cloud base height using the temperature-dewpoint spread, and how cloud height affects air traffic.

You need to understand how fatigue, sleep deprivation, jet lag, anaesthetics, hearing, and spatial disorientation (including illusions) affect your ability to fly safely.

You must be able to convert between UTC and local time, and determine the exact local times for sunrise and sunset.

If you hold a Basic certificate, you must know exactly how far away you must stay from airports and heliports.

To fly a drone in Canada under Basic or Advanced rules, you should understand how airspeed indicators work, the difference between indicated and true airspeed, and what happens if the pitot tube gets blocked.

You must show that you can check the programmed flight path in your ground control software or autopilot to ensure it is correct, complete, and safe before launching.

You must show that you can look up an aerodrome or airspace in the CFS to find its type, radius, radio frequencies, operator phone numbers, and the nearest Flight Information Centre (FIC) for emergencies.

This section outlines the pre-flight requirements for a pilot of a remotely piloted aircraft, which include ensuring sufficient fuel or energy, instructing crew members on their duties and emergency equipment, and determining the maximum safe operating distance.

Prohibits a pilot from conducting or permitting the take-off or launch of a remotely piloted aircraft unless they ensure the aircraft is serviceable, maintained in accordance with manufacturer or declarant instructions, and all required equipment is installed and serviceable.

This section prohibits a pilot from taking off or launching a remotely piloted aircraft unless the applicable RPAS operating manuals, and additionally the operator's RPAS operations manual for BVLOS flights, are immediately available to crew members.

Prohibits pilots from operating a remotely piloted aircraft in formation with other aircraft unless a pre-arrangement has been made between the pilots.

This section requires pilots operating a remotely piloted aircraft system under Division IV (Advanced Operations) to have both their pilot certificate (advanced or level 1 complex) and documentation proving compliance with recency requirements easily accessible during the operation.

To fly level 1 complex operations, you must understand how your drone's compass sensor works, when it needs calibration, what causes magnetic anomalies, and how your drone will react if it encounters magnetic interference.

Outlines the knowledge requirements for RPA pilots operating within Level 1 complex operations, covering RPA operations, air traffic services, theory of flight, and radiotelephony.

This section obligates pilots of remotely piloted aircraft operating in controlled airspace to comply with all air traffic control instructions directed at them.

If you take an RPAS ground training course, it must cover the specific subjects listed in TP 15263, including flight theory, meteorology, and regulations.

You need to understand how to communicate with other crew members, including describing potential aircraft conflicts, factors affecting radio range, and verbal protocols for transferring control of the aircraft.

You must understand payload definitions, performance impacts, OEM vs operator-added payloads, and the necessity of following manufacturer instructions and training for payload carriage.

You must know how an uncalibrated or faulty IMU affects your RPA's flight characteristics and control.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for RPA pilots operating within Level 1 complex operations in Canada, covering fuel systems, autopilots, propulsion, payloads, launch and recovery systems, and maintenance.

To meet the knowledge requirements for Level 1 complex operations in Canada, you must be able to describe how environmental factors affect your performance and that of your visual observers, and how fatigue, temperature, and other conditions impact flight operations.

You must be able to read VNC and VTA charts, identify controlled and uncontrolled airspace, determine ground elevation, use the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS), verify unofficial data against official sources, and plot coordinates.

Always carry your Pilot Certificate – Advanced Operations (either digital or physical) when operating, as you must be able to show it if requested.

This section outlines the requirements, privileges, fees, and validity of the Pilot Certificate - Advanced Operations in Canada, and lists regulatory references for pre-validated declarations and VLOS operations in controlled airspace.

You can access and take the Advanced drone pilot exam online at any time without delay.

Prohibits the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft system in a reckless or negligent manner that endangers or is likely to endanger aviation safety or the safety of any person.

You must not fly your drone in a reckless or negligent way that puts other aircraft, aviation safety, or people on the ground at risk.

This section prohibits individuals from acting as crew members of a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) if they are fatigued, unfit, under the influence of alcohol, within 12 hours of consuming alcohol, or impaired by any drug.

You should be familiar with how flight simulation is used for training, testing, or planning on your control station.

You must know your responsibilities as PIC, how traditional aircraft traffic flows at aerodromes, how to avoid runway incursions, and how to handle hazards like weather, wildlife, and interference.

The technical standards in 922.04 are meant to ensure your altitude and position reporting are accurate enough for air traffic control communications.

When flying in controlled airspace, your drone's control station must show its altitude with an accuracy of +/- 16 meters or better.

When flying below 400 feet AGL in Class G airspace and more than 5 nautical miles away from any airport, heliport, or aerodrome listed in the CFS/WAS, your RPAS must meet a system risk ratio of 0.66 or less.

Because microdrones are legally considered aircraft, you cannot fly them into restricted airspace (such as military areas or forest fire zones) unless you have official permission.

Drone pilots are prohibited from taking off or landing within Canadian national parks unless specifically authorized by a park superintendent.

If you plan to fly more than 5 drones at once from a single station, and you are more than 9.3 km (5 NM) away from an aerodrome in uncontrolled airspace, you must request this specific checklist.

You must research the area where you plan to fly before you take off. This includes checking aeronautical charts, the Canada Flight Supplement, and active NOTAMs to ensure you do not conflict with other airspace users.

Requires the pilot of a remotely piloted aircraft to immediately notify the appropriate ATS unit or user agency if control of the aircraft is lost and it enters or is likely to enter controlled airspace.

You cannot fly your drone in controlled airspace unless you meet the requirements of section 901.71(1) (for advanced operations under Division V) or you have a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) issued under section 903.03.

You cannot fly your drone in transponder airspace (as defined in section 601.03) unless it has an active transponder and automatic pressure-altitude reporting equipment, or you have received prior authorization from ATC.

You must not fly any drone within 3 nautical miles of a military aerodrome (operated by the Minister of National Defence) unless you have explicit authorization from the Department of National Defence (DND).

You cannot be penalized for violating an unpublished airspace restriction, security measure, or emergency direction unless the authorities prove you were notified or that reasonable steps were taken to inform affected pilots.

If you are flying below 400 feet AGL in Class G airspace, but there is controlled airspace directly above you starting at 1500 feet AGL or lower, your RPAS must meet a system risk ratio of 0.33 or less.

Requires immediate notification to the appropriate ATS unit or user agency if a remotely piloted aircraft is no longer under control and inadvertently enters or is likely to enter Class F Special Use Restricted airspace.

Even if you fly a micro-drone (under 250 grams), you are strictly prohibited from entering Class F restricted airspace, emergency response areas, or areas restricted by an Article 5.1 NOTAM unless you have explicit official authorization.

If your drone lacks a transponder, you can still fly in transponder airspace if you request and receive authorization from the responsible ATC unit before entering, provided they offer service there and safety is not compromised.

You cannot fly your drone in controlled airspace unless you have received an authorization from the air traffic services (ATS) provider for that area.

If you lose control of your drone and it flies (or is about to fly) into Class F Special Use Restricted airspace, you must immediately contact the appropriate Air Traffic Services (ATS) unit or the agency responsible for that airspace.

Prohibits the operation of remotely piloted aircraft over or within emergency security perimeters established by public authorities, except for operations serving public authorities, saving lives, policing, or fire-fighting.

When flying in controlled airspace, your drone's control station must show its horizontal position with an accuracy of +/- 10 meters or better.

When flying below 400 feet AGL in Class F Advisory Airspace, your RPAS must meet a system risk ratio of 0.33 or less (ARC-c).

You do not need a declaration against standard 922.10 if you are operating in atypical airspace (per AC903-001) or using a vision-based DAA system under Standard 923.

If you plan to fly more than 5 drones at once from a single station, and you are within 9.3 km (5 NM) of an aerodrome, you must request this specific checklist.

While flying in controlled airspace, you must maintain a reliable method (such as a phone or radio) to immediately communicate with air traffic control or the airspace authority if required.

Drone pilots in Canada are strictly prohibited from flying within 9.3 kilometers (5 nautical miles) of a wildfire, or over and within the security perimeter of any emergency response operation.

You are not allowed to fly your drone if you are within 9.3 km (5 nautical miles) of a wildfire, as this can interfere with low-flying firefighting aircraft.

You are not allowed to launch or land your drone inside the boundaries of any national park in Canada.

Do not fly your drone over or within the security perimeter of any emergency scene (e.g., traffic accidents, floods, police operations) to avoid interfering with emergency personnel and their aircraft.

Do not fly your microdrone near emergency response scenes like car crashes, fires, or natural disasters, as this can interfere with first responders and rescue aircraft.

Prohibits pilots from operating a remotely piloted aircraft outside of Canadian Domestic Airspace unless the operation is conducted under a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) - RPAS.

This section prohibits the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft in controlled airspace unless the operation complies with Division V rules (specifically subsection 901.71(1)) or is authorized by a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) - RPAS.

If you lose control of your drone and it flies (or is about to fly) into controlled airspace, you must contact the local Air Traffic Services (ATS) unit or user agency immediately to report the situation.

Prohibits pilots from operating a remotely piloted aircraft in proximity to another aircraft where it would create a risk of collision.

You must never fly your drone near another aircraft (manned or unmanned) if it creates any risk of a collision.

This section prohibits operating a remotely piloted aircraft in transponder airspace unless it is equipped with a transponder and automatic pressure-altitude reporting equipment, or unless authorized by an air traffic control unit under specific safety and coordination conditions.

The ground risk buffer is a safety margin around your contingency flight area that must extend horizontally at least as far as your planned maximum flight altitude.

You cannot conduct a sheltered operation with a small drone in controlled airspace unless the drone model has a registered declaration of compliance.

If the air traffic services provider asks, you must provide details such as flight date/time, aircraft registration, flight boundaries, your pilot certificate number, lost link procedures, emergency procedures, and termination times.

Prohibits the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft system within 3 nautical miles of an airport centre or 1 nautical mile of a heliport centre unless the operation complies with the established safety procedures for that specific site.

You must keep your controlled airspace authorization easily accessible (either printed or digitally on a device) while you are flying.

You are not allowed to fly your drone within 3 nautical miles of the centre of an airport unless you follow the specific established safety procedures applicable to that airport.

You must be able to determine airspace controllers, use correct radio frequencies and phraseology, interpret the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS), and coordinate with NAV CANADA.

You must know what details to provide to air traffic control when requesting permission to fly in controlled airspace.

Ensure the RPA you are using has a manufacturer safety assurance declaration for controlled airspace operations under CAR Standard 922.04.

You must keep your drone within Canadian Domestic Airspace. You cannot fly it across the international border or outside domestic airspace boundaries unless you hold a valid Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) for RPAS.

When flying near any aerodrome listed in the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) or Water Aerodrome Supplement (WAS), you must ensure your drone does not interfere with manned aircraft flying in the established traffic pattern.

Your operational volume is the total airspace and ground area encompassing your intended flight path, contingency areas, and safety buffers.

You are not allowed to fly your drone within 1 nautical mile of the centre of a heliport unless you follow the specific established safety procedures applicable to that heliport.

You must know the specific procedures and coordination required to fly within the vicinity of an airport or heliport.

If you are conducting a sheltered operation inside controlled airspace, you must obtain an airspace authorization before flying.

You can fly in controlled airspace (with NAV CANADA or DND permission), within 5.6 km of a certified airport, or within 1.9 km of a heliport. If operating within 5.6 km of a military aerodrome, you must get permission from the Department of National Defence.

You are not allowed to fly your drone over or inside any security perimeter set up by public authorities (such as police, fire departments, or emergency services) in response to an emergency, unless you qualify for a specific operational exception.

A Canadian aviation document (CAD) includes your pilot certificate, drone registration, and any Special Flight Operations Certificates (SFOC). However, security clearances and basic ministerial authorizations are legally excluded from this definition.

Even if you have a Level 1 Complex pilot certificate, you cannot fly complex operations unless you are flying under an RPAS Operator Certificate (RPOC).

If you are applying for an SFOC for a special aviation event with more than 50,000 spectators, the processing time is 20 business days.

If you are organizing an RPA special aviation event, you must request the specific compliance checklist from Transport Canada.

If you are applying for an SFOC for a special aviation event with 10,000 or fewer spectators, the processing time is 20 business days.

If you are flying a drone as a performer in an airshow, you must obtain an SFOC issued under the traditional aircraft rules (CARs 603). If you are only filming or providing security at the event, standard SFOC processing applies.

The fee for your SFOC will depend on the complexity of the operation, ranging from $20 for very low complexity up to $2,000 for high complexity.

Your application must include a SORA. You can use AC 903-001 Appendix D (Standard Scenarios) or Appendix G (for BVLOS) to simplify this process.

This section outlines the requirement to obtain a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC-RPAS) for drone operations in Canada that exceed basic, advanced, or Level 1 Complex rules, as well as for foreign pilots and foreign-owned drones.

If you are a foreign operator or planning to fly at an advertised event or in medium/high-complexity operations, you must apply for special permission.

Including two or more medium-complexity operations in a single application upgrades it to a high-complexity application, which incurs a fee of $2,034.

If your application is approved, your foreign SFOC-RPAS will normally be valid for a maximum of one year.

To apply, complete the SFOC-RPAS application form, gather your documents (including a compliance checklist if you are flying commercially), and email them to TC.RPASCentre-CentreSATP.TC@tc.gc.ca.

The manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that the drone model continues to meet safety standards as long as it is listed on Transport Canada's website.

This section establishes that any drone operation at an advertised event in Canada, including microdrones weighing less than 250 grams, requires a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) from Transport Canada.

This section provides background on the purpose of the Advisory Circular, which is to guide RPAS operators in establishing and maintaining operations and maintenance manuals. It outlines the eligibility requirements for holding a Remotely Piloted Operator Certificate (RPOC) and explains how the robustness of an operator's processes must scale with operational risk.

If you are organizing a drone performance or airshow, you can apply for a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC-RPAS) for the event.

If you need to carry weapons, hazardous payloads, or line-attached payloads outside of manual specs, you must obtain and follow a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) - RPAS.

If you are applying for an RPOC as an individual, you must be a Canadian citizen or permanent resident.

When planning to fly at an advertised event, you should submit your SFOC-RPAS application at least 30 working days in advance to account for Transport Canada's service standard processing time.

Corporations face significantly higher fines than individuals, up to $15,000 for larger drones.

This section prohibits RPAS pilots from transporting payloads that include weapons, ammunition, war equipment, or hazards to safety, as well as payloads attached by a line unless permitted by operating manuals, except when authorized by a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC).

You are not allowed to fly a drone at any advertised event (such as a concert, festival, or sporting event) unless you have been issued a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) for RPAS by Transport Canada.

This advisory circular helps manufacturers design and declare RPAS that can be flown in advanced or complex operations in Canada.

You need to get permission from both the event organizer and the landowner, fill out the SFOC application form, and email it to Transport Canada.

This section outlines the compliance process for CAR Standard 922.07, including the development of a Notional Concept of Operations (CONOPS), the calculation of maximum linear kinetic energy to determine reliability requirements, and the performance of a System Safety Assessment.

A Pre-Validated Declaration is not a simple self-declaration; it requires submitting technical documentation to Transport Canada for review before you are allowed to declare compliance.

You cannot fly an RPAS in operations governed by CARs 901.69 or 901.97 unless a declaration has been submitted and accepted by Transport Canada for that RPAS model.

If you are making a safety declaration for an RPAS, you must comply with the technical requirements set out in Standard 922.

If you are convicted of an aviation offence, the court can order you to stop doing anything your pilot certificate or other aviation document allows you to do, either entirely or at specific times and places.

You must know which types of operations fall outside standard basic/advanced rules and require an SFOC.

This is the certificate issued to an organization or operator allowing them to conduct certain advanced or commercial operations.

If you are applying for an SFOC for a special aviation event with between 10,001 and 50,000 spectators, the processing time is 20 business days.

If you are flying a drone as a performer in an airshow or drone show, you must obtain an SFOC for a special aviation event.

You must provide a site survey. If you only operate in one specific area (like a single mine), you can request a single-site SFOC to avoid writing a complex site survey procedure.

If you are applying to fly a foreign-owned drone for non-commercial purposes (very low-complexity), Transport Canada's service standard to process your application is 30 business days.

This section provides the declaration form and administrative requirements for submitting an RPAS Safety Assurance Declaration to Transport Canada, establishing the manufacturer's responsibility for ongoing compliance and documentation availability.

Prohibits pilots from operating a remotely piloted aircraft that carries persons on board, unless authorized by a Special Flight Operations Certificate - RPAS (SFOC-RPAS).

This Advisory Circular provides the framework and examples to help you build and maintain your operations and maintenance manuals.

This section introduces Advisory Circular (AC) 922-001, outlining its purpose to provide guidance to RPAS manufacturers making safety declarations for Advanced and Level 1 Complex Operations, and establishing manufacturer accountability for testing and record-keeping.

Before the first flight of a medium RPAS, a declaration must be submitted stating it meets the Low Robustness Containment standard.

If convicted of an offence, the court can prohibit you from operating any aircraft, regardless of whether you hold a specific document for it.

You must fly under the authority of an RPAS Operator Certificate (RPOC).

If you are operating a large drone, you must obtain permission before flying.

You will need to pay a fee of $125 when applying for your RPAS Operator Certificate.

If you are not a Canadian citizen or permanent resident, or if you are flying a foreign-owned drone, you must obtain an SFOC-RPAS.

You must provide a detailed ConOps document that describes your operation's purpose, crew, system, environment, and key flight parameters like maximum altitude and speed.

You must have documented safety, emergency contingency, and emergency response plans ready for your operation area.

To apply, you must complete a SORA risk assessment, fill out the SFOC-RPAS application form, and email all documents to Transport Canada.

You must submit your High Complexity SFOC application at least 60 working days before your planned flight date, or it will be rejected.

If your application contains two or more medium-complexity operations, it will be treated as a high-complexity operation and will take 60 business days to process.

If you apply for a high-complexity SFOC, expect a processing time of 60 business days.

If your drone weighs more than 150 kg, you need a specific manufacturer performance declaration accepted by Transport Canada.

This section outlines the three-part structure of the compliance checklists required for medium and high-complexity RPAS Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) applications.

If you need to make a minor amendment to your existing SFOC, the processing time is 20 business days.

If your drone will carry dangerous or hazardous payloads, such as chemicals, you must request the specific compliance checklist from Transport Canada.

If your specific special operation is not listed, you should email TC.RPASCentre-CentreSATP.TC@tc.gc.ca to request the correct checklist.

To fly in Level 1 Complex Operations, you must operate under an RPAS Operator Certificate.

If you are operating in advanced environments, you can use the portal to declare your drone safe or check existing declarations.

If your operation does not fit into basic, advanced, or level 1 complex rules (e.g., flying a heavy drone or flying BVLOS in controlled airspace), you must apply for an SFOC-RPAS.

Transport Canada will only start counting the processing time (in working days) for your application once they have received a complete package, including all required documents and fees.

If you are hired by or representing a Canadian company that holds an RPAS Operator Certificate (RPOC), you do not need to apply for a personal Foreign SFOC-RPAS.

This section establishes the purpose of Advisory Circular AC 901-002, which is to guide RPAS operators in creating and maintaining operations and maintenance manuals and processes for RPOC and complex SFOC applications, and defines RPOC holders as those under CAR Part IX.

You are not allowed to fly a drone that has people on board unless you have been issued a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) - RPAS specifically allowing it.

Any reference to an RPOC holder in this guidance refers to an RPAS operator as defined under CAR Part IX.

If you build or modify drones, drone components, or safety features, you can submit a declaration to Transport Canada to officially state the capabilities of your system.

If you plan to fly any drone (even a microdrone weighing less than 250 g) at an advertised event, you must first apply for and obtain an SFOC from Transport Canada.

Before certain operations (like controlled airspace or near people), the drone manufacturer must have submitted this declaration to Transport Canada confirming the drone meets safety standards.

If your drone's safety declaration has been pre-validated by Transport Canada, the submission must reference the official Letter of Acceptance number.

If your drone is performing as part of the show itself (for example, in a drone light show or an airshow), the event is classified as a special aviation event.

If you plan to fly any drone (even a micro drone under 250 grams) within 30 meters (100 feet) of the boundaries of an advertised event, you must obtain a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC-RPAS).

If you are flying a drone at an event to take photos, shoot video, or provide security/surveillance (and not as a performing act in the show), you must apply for an SFOC-RPAS specifically for an advertised event.

You do not need an SFOC-RPAS if you keep your drone at least 30 meters (100 feet) away from the event boundaries, because your flight is not legally considered part of the event.

If you are flying a drone for a public authority service, such as a police, fire-fighting, or life-saving operation, you do not need an SFOC to fly at an advertised event.

If you fly without authorization at an advertised event, you can be fined up to $1,000 for a microdrone or $3,000 for a larger drone. Lacking a safety declaration can cost up to $1,000.

You can fly more than 5 drones at the same time if you have a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) issued under section 903.03.

The manufacturer of your drone must keep records of its safety testing so Transport Canada can inspect them if needed.

This is an administrative requirement for the manufacturer/applicant during the declaration process.

Establishes the procedures for the suspension or cancellation of a Canadian aviation document due to a contravention, including notice requirements, the process for requesting a review by the Transportation Appeal Tribunal of Canada, and provisions regarding stays of suspension.

This section establishes the applicability of Standard 922 to persons making RPAS safety declarations under CARs 901.194, and outlines the declaration, acceptance, and record retention requirements necessary for an RPAS to be eligible for specific operations.

If you are flying in atypical airspace (per AC 903-001) or using vision-based DAA (per Standard 923), you do not need to make a declaration against standard 922.10.

Starting November 4, 2025, SFOC applications will require a fee unless flown by a government organization for emergency response. This applies to higher altitude flights, advertised events, and drones over 150 kg.

If your flight cannot be conducted under basic, advanced, or Level 1 Complex rules, you must apply for and receive an SFOC-RPAS before flying.

If you plan to fly a drone weighing over 150 kg, you must request the specific compliance checklist from Transport Canada to support your SFOC application.

This section outlines the Transport Canada service standards and processing times for high-complexity Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) applications, amendments, and special aviation events.

When applying for a medium or high-complexity SFOC, the compliance checklists you submit to Transport Canada will be structured into three distinct parts: the Operational Risk Assessment (ORA), the RPAS equipment capability, and your pilot/applicant information.

If you want to fly your microdrone at any public advertised event (like a concert, festival, or sporting event), you must apply for and receive an SFOC before flying.

If your application covers multiple different operations, Transport Canada will evaluate the whole application based on the most complex operation included.

This advisory circular helps you understand how to set up your operations and maintenance manuals if you are applying for an RPOC or a complex SFOC.

Starting November 4, 2025, you will have to pay a fee when applying for an SFOC-RPAS unless you are flying for a government emergency response agency.

This section establishes Transport Canada's service standard of up to 30 working days for the review and issuance of a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC-RPAS) for an advertised event.

This section distinguishes between a special aviation event (where a drone performs) and an advertised event (where a drone is used for photography, video, or security), and outlines the corresponding SFOC-RPAS application requirements.

Drones with a worst-case kinetic energy exceeding 1084 kJ require direct coordination with Transport Canada.

A Notional CONOPS must be developed to define the average operation and help analyze system failures.

This section prohibits the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) at advertised events unless authorized by a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) - RPAS, with an exception for emergency and public authority operations.

For operations over people, multiple simultaneous failures that could lead to severe injury within 5 meters horizontally of the drone must be shown to be highly unlikely (remote).

The drone's warning systems must give you clear, actionable alerts so you can quickly resolve unsafe situations without making mistakes.

The drone must be designed so that the chance of any failure hurting a bystander is extremely remote.

If you hold an Advanced certificate, you may fly closer to or over people, but you must comply with additional conditions (indicated by the asterisk in the guidelines).

You cannot fly any drone, including microdrones, at an advertised event without obtaining permission first.

A sparsely populated area has a density of more than 5 but no more than 25 people per square kilometer.

When planning a flight near an outdoor public event, you must evaluate if your drone will operate within 30 meters (100 feet) of the event site.

This section defines what constitutes an 'advertised event' under Transport Canada guidelines and outlines the key factors to consider, including a 30-meter (100-foot) drone proximity threshold.

If you are flying at a private wedding or birthday party that requires an invitation and is not open to the public, this is not classified as an 'advertised event'.

You may fly between 5 meters (15 feet) and 30 meters (100 feet) of people only if your drone has a manufacturer declaration confirming it is fit for operations near people. You cannot fly closer than 5 meters to any person who is not part of the crew.

A 'single failure' in this context refers to critical failures (like flight control or motor failure) where you cannot perform a controlled recovery of the aircraft.

You can only fly closer than 5 meters (16.4 feet) to people if the manufacturer has officially declared the drone is safe and certified for operations over people.

Multiple simultaneous failures that could cause severe injury must be highly unlikely (remote) based on the system's design and reliability.

An advertised event is any outdoor gathering advertised to the public, like a concert, festival, market, or sports game. Special rules apply to flying near these.

You must know the specific conditions and safety requirements that allow you to fly closer than 100 feet laterally to people not involved in the operation.

If you have the correct safety assurance declarations, you can fly a medium drone near people (within 30m or between 30m and 152.4m), over people, or in controlled airspace with ATC permission.

The drone must be designed so that no single failure can cause a catastrophic crash, and such catastrophic events must be extremely unlikely.

Maintain a minimum distance of 100 feet between the RPA and any uninvolved bystanders at all times during sheltered operations.

Keep the drone at least 100 feet (30 m) away horizontally from any bystanders, regardless of how high or low you are flying.

This section outlines the requirement for a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC-RPAS) when operating a drone near advertised events, defining the event perimeter and the 30-meter buffer zone.

When operating over people, the drone must be designed such that no single failure can cause a severe injury to anyone within 5 meters horizontally of the drone.

The drone's control station and alerts must be designed to prevent you from making mistakes that could cause hazards while flying over people.

Starting April 1, 2025, you cannot fly a microdrone (under 250g) at an advertised event unless you have obtained a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) from Transport Canada.

An advertised event is any public outdoor gathering like a concert, festival, market, or sports game that has been advertised.

If you hold a Level 1 Complex certificate, you may fly closer to or over people, subject to the conditions indicated by the asterisk.

Under Transport Canada guidelines, any outdoor event advertised to the public (like a concert, festival, market, or sporting event) is considered an 'advertised event'.

For events without clear physical boundaries (like marathons, protests, or fireworks), the event boundary is considered to be at least 30 meters (100 feet) away from the participants or the sporting track.

Events advertised only within closed, private groups (like a private Facebook group) do not count as advertised events.

Before flying near people (5m to 30m), verify that the manufacturer has submitted a safety declaration for your specific drone model.

The aircraft design must ensure that failures causing life-threatening or fatal injuries (AIS 4 to 6) to people on the ground are extremely unlikely.

When operating over people, the drone's design must guarantee that a single failure will not severely injure anyone within 5 meters of the drone.

The drone you fly must be designed so that a single failure leading to severe injury to anyone within 30 meters is highly unlikely (remote).

The safety assessment uses the AIS 4 standard to classify severe injuries. If a failure can cause an AIS 4 or worse injury, the system must be redesigned or mitigated.

An area is considered populated under Canadian rules if there are more than 5 people per square kilometer.

When conducting advanced operations, refer to CAR 922.04 and 901.69(a) for controlled airspace, CAR 922.05 and 901.69(b) for operations near people, and CAR 922.06 and 901.69(c) for operations over people.

If you fly within 5 metres of people using a parachute system, you must provide its minimum safe deployment altitude.

Under a Basic certificate, you are not allowed to fly your drone close to or over people.

The manufacturer must prove through a formal safety assessment that the risk of critical failures is indeed 'remote'.

You must consult the manufacturer's operating manual to find specific limitations, such as speed limits or specific flight modes, required when operating near people.

This rule applies to training providers, ensuring they submit complete organizational and course details to Transport Canada.

You must pass a flight review where you will be tested on site surveys, mission planning, emergency procedures, incident reporting, pre-flight checks, take-off, navigation (visual and GCS-only), distance recognition, landing, and crew resource management (CRM).

Establishes the examination, flight review, and training provider self-declaration requirements for Level 1 Complex Operations RPA pilot certification in Canada.

For EVLOS flights where the small drone is too far to see with the naked eye, you must fly in uncontrolled airspace, keep 30 metres (100 feet) away from uninvolved people, have a certified Visual Observer assist you, and keep the drone within 2 nautical miles (3.6 km) of yourself, the VO, and the control station.

You cannot fly in controlled airspace unless you have an Advanced Pilot Certificate, a drone declared safe by its manufacturer for controlled airspace, and explicit authorization from NAV CANADA or the relevant authority.

During your flight review, you must plan and fly a flight demonstrating your skills. The reviewer cannot train or help you unless there is a safety risk, and they must stop the review if you fly unsafely or break regulations.

This section introduces the concept of Competency Based Training (CBT) for RPAS pilots, contrasting it with traditional qualification-based training and explaining its outcome-focused, ICAO-supported framework.

You need to understand the weather and operating limits that traditional manned aircraft must follow when flying VFR in uncontrolled airspace.

You must know that flying near forest fires is highly restricted, and you must understand the rare exceptions where an RPA flight might be permitted.

Use this document to understand what you need to know and be trained on to conduct Level 1 complex operations.

This section prohibits any person from committing the acts referred to in paragraphs 901.58(a) to (c) in respect of an examination taken under this Division.

To obtain your RPAS pilot certificate in Canada, you must understand data link concepts such as frequency bands, how to conduct an RF sweep, the importance of radio line-of-sight, GCS antenna placement, lost link recovery, and signal metrics like gain and signal-to-noise ratio.

This section of TP 15263 outlines the theoretical knowledge requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots regarding data links and battery management, including RF environments, signal propagation, battery parameters, maintenance, and dangerous goods transportation.

You should understand the characteristics of different electric motors (brush, brushless, inrunner, outrunner), speed controllers, 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, and how the aircraft will behave if the propulsion system fails.

You must be able to find and interpret the operating limits of your drone using its flight manual or manufacturer documentation.

Taking the Level 1 Complex Operations Exam will cost $50.

You must understand airspace boundaries, how to get permission for Class F restricted airspace, and how to communicate with ATC when flying VLOS in controlled airspace.

If you want to fly close to a certified airport (within 3 NM) or heliport (within 1 NM) that is in uncontrolled airspace, you must hold an Advanced Pilot Certificate and follow the procedures in AIM section 3.4.1.3.

You must understand how high density altitude (caused by high temperatures, high elevation, or low pressure) and high humidity reduce your drone's performance during launch and climb.

You should be able to identify what constitutes the payload versus the rest of the RPAS, and understand various sensor types such as electro-optical, infra-red, radio frequency, and atmospheric sensors.

If you are choosing a training provider, they must have self-declared to Transport Canada with specific details about their organization and courses.

Your ground school course must provide at least 20 hours of instruction dedicated solely to the TP 15263 syllabus.

This section introduces Level 1 Complex operations in Canada, explaining that the certificate builds on the Advanced operations certificate to allow lower-risk beyond visual line-of-sight (BVLOS) drone flights.

Your training provider's ground school must cover essential subjects like air law, meteorology, navigation, and RPAS systems to meet Transport Canada standards.

If you want to conduct lower-risk BVLOS flights, you must obtain a Level 1 Complex operations certificate, which is built upon the foundation of the Advanced operations certificate.

Obtaining the Pilot Certificate for Level 1 Complex Operations will cost $125.

Before applying, your operation must have an accountable executive, a maintenance lead, a training program, standard operating procedures, and a safety risk management process, unless you already hold an RPOC.

You must know that if you fly indoors or underground, the Canadian Aviation Regulations do not apply to your flight.

You must know that operating at or near an aerodrome requires coordination and approval from the aerodrome operator or ATC, and you must understand the rules governing these areas.

You must know who has the authority to ask to see your pilot certificate and logs, and that you can keep these records digitally if they are protected.

This section outlines the mandatory knowledge requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots operating aircraft between 250 g and 150 kg, covering general provisions, aerodromes, and general operating and flight rules.

You must take your drone pilot exams online using the Transport Canada Drone Management Portal.

You should know the requirements for keeping technical logs and records, understand the difference between servicing, elementary, and critical tasks, and be familiar with the 2-person perform/verify practice for critical tasks.

This section outlines the subject matter knowledge requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots regarding fuel systems, autopilots, payloads, propulsion, launch and recovery systems, and maintenance and record keeping.

You should understand how autopilots function, the levels of control available, how to prepare flight termination systems, and the importance of updating verified firmware from trusted sources.

You should be able to identify danger areas within a safety template, describe recovery methods (such as parachute, deep stall, arresting systems, or normal landing), and understand safety areas for launch and recovery.

You should be able to describe different fuel systems, understand the hazards of different fuels, assess fuel consumption under various flight conditions, and apply safe storage, handling, and grounding/bonding techniques.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for Canadian RPAS pilots regarding navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts, airspace and aerodrome identification, and basic navigation concepts such as headings, tracks, variation, and speeds.

You must be able to use aeronautical charts to determine the class of airspace you are operating in and how close you are to any aerodromes.

This section outlines the knowledge requirements for RPAS pilots regarding aircraft performance, including the effects of density altitude and humidity, turn performance (bank and speed vs rate and radius), and the use of the aircraft flight manual to determine operating limitations.

You must understand the difference between true and magnetic headings/tracks, how to measure bearing and distance, magnetic variation, and the difference between airspeed and groundspeed.

The ground school program you take must be at least 20 hours long.

To qualify for Level 1 Complex Operations, you must score at least 80% on the specific Level 1 Complex Operations written exam.

You need to know the definitions of basic terms like day, night, VFR, RPA, RPAS, C2 link, and control station for your pilot exam.

When taking an RPAS exam under this Division, you are strictly prohibited from committing any of the acts listed in paragraphs 901.58(a) to (c) (which relate to cheating, copying, or unauthorized assistance).

To obtain your RPAS pilot certificate in Canada, you must understand battery types, hazards (including lithium fire response), maintenance logs, capacity variables, voltage discharge curves, and the regulations for transporting batteries (including on commercial flights and under TDG regulations).

You must know how to read aeronautical charts to describe where you are operating and what you are doing relative to established aeronautical reference points.

You must understand how changes in airspeed and bank angle affect how quickly and in what radius your drone turns.

If the connection to the drone is lost, it must perform a predictable fail-safe action (like returning to home) to help you keep the operation safe.

If a system designed to keep the drone within its operational volume fails, you must receive an immediate warning or alert on your control station.

The system used to detect and avoid manned aircraft must meet strict safety performance ratios.

This section establishes requirements for operating a modified remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS) in advanced operations, requiring compliance with Standard 922 and adherence to manufacturer or declarant instructions.

If you are operating an RPAS that must meet Standard 922.07 reliability requirements, the manufacturer should have used a structured development assurance process.

This section provides guidance on meeting low and high robustness containment standards for RPAS, focusing on single failure considerations, system isolation, and design assurance requirements to prevent fly-aways.

If the drone's battery or fuel capacity is physically limited so that it cannot fly far enough to leave the approved flight area, this can satisfy the low robustness containment standard.

High robustness containment requires rigorous engineering analysis to prove that a fly-away is extremely unlikely and cannot be caused by any single system failure.

The systems designed to prevent the drone from flying away must be isolated from other software or hardware faults on the drone.

If your operation already requires the full safety and reliability standard (922.07), you do not need to separately apply the containment standard.

The risk of the detect-and-avoid system failing without warning, or giving you dangerously incorrect guidance, must be extremely remote.

Before flying an advanced operation, verify that your drone model is declared compliant by the manufacturer for that specific type of operation (e.g., over people).

The RPAS design rigor (DAL) is determined by its kinetic energy and potential hazard severity.

The RPAS must alert you if any system required to prevent the drone from flying outside the operational volume fails.

The system must be reliable enough that a sudden, warned loss of your detect-and-avoid capability is a remote occurrence.

The drone must be designed so that if any single component fails, it will not fly out of its designated operational area.

The system must be robust enough that multiple simultaneous failures leading to a flyaway are extremely unlikely.

The control link and aircraft systems must be reliable enough that losing control of the drone due to system failures is a remote possibility.

The drone must have a proven set of environmental limits (like wind, temperature, etc.) established by testing, within which you must operate.

The manufacturer must prove through engineering analysis or testing that the drone meets safety and reliability standards.

If the safety case assumes you have safety systems like a parachute or flight termination system to lower risk, these systems must be installed and operational during flights.

The reliability requirements of the drone are determined by its maximum kinetic energy in a worst-case crash scenario.

The software and hardware of the RPAS are verified using recognized industry standards like SAE ARP 4754A or ASTM F3201.

The drone's containment systems (like flight termination) must be designed so that a single failure (such as a lost C2 link) does not cause a fly-away or prevent the containment system from working.

Backup or secondary safety systems on the drone must be designed to the same safety rigor level as the primary systems.

For high robustness, the critical software and hardware on the drone must be designed and certified to strict aviation standards (like DO-178 or ASTM standards) to prevent software glitches from causing a fly-away.

If you are flying under specific advanced categories (such as operations over people or in controlled airspace, depending on 901.69(f) or (g)), any drone modification must strictly follow the instructions of the person who submitted the safety declaration for that drone model.

If you modify your drone and want to use it for advanced operations (under section 901.69), you must be able to show Transport Canada that it still meets Standard 922 safety requirements. Also, the modification must have been done according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the modification part.

The software and hardware on the drone must be built to high industry standards to ensure software bugs do not cause a flyaway.

If the autopilot is not certified, the drone must either have a redundant autopilot system or an independent flight termination system that alerts you of failures and allows you to manually terminate the flight if a fly-away is imminent.

You must operate an RPAS designed to prevent any single point of failure from causing the aircraft to escape its operational volume.

You must keep your drone within uncontrolled airspace during lower-risk BVLOS flights.

If you are flying BVLOS as an individual or for an organization, an RPOC must be held by the operator.

This section maps different types of Level 1 Complex BVLOS operations (small and medium) to their corresponding Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) Standard 922 requirements and declaration rules.

You can only fly BVLOS if your drone meets the safety feature requirements specified for that type of advanced operation.

If you are conducting lower-risk BVLOS flights, you must maintain a distance of at least 9.3 km (5 miles) from certified aerodromes and heliports unless following an approved Transport Canada procedure.

For BVLOS flights, you must have at least 3 miles of ground visibility and stay completely clear of clouds, unless your drone meets specific technical declaration requirements or you have an SFOC.

You cannot fly BVLOS within 5 nautical miles of any aerodrome listed in the CFS or WAS unless you have a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) for RPAS.

You can fly more than one drone at a time in a non-VLOS (BVLOS) operation if you have a Special Flight Operations Certificate (SFOC) issued under section 903.03.

For BVLOS flights with a medium drone more than 1 km away from populated areas, a declaration of compliance with Standards 922.08 (3,4,5,6), 922.09, 922.10, and 922.11 must be submitted.

Do not fly the RPA further than 2 nautical miles from your position or the position of your visual observer.

If you are operating a small drone BVLOS in uncontrolled airspace and at least 1 km away from populated areas, Transport Canada guidance indicates you must comply with CARs standards 922.08(1, 2), 922.09, 922.10, 922.11, and submit a declaration under 901.87(a).

You can fly BVLOS in clouds or in visibility under 3 miles only if your drone has a specific manufacturer declaration for these conditions and the manual allows it, or if you hold an SFOC.

To fly a Small RPAS BVLOS in uncontrolled airspace near (less than 1km) or over populated areas, the system must have a Transport Canada acceptance letter.

You do not need to declare compliance with Standard 922.10 if you are operating in atypical airspace (per AC903-001) or using a Vision Based DAA system under Standard 923.

You can fly a small drone beyond visual line-of-sight over sparsely populated areas if you have a pre-validated BVLOS declaration.

If you are operating a small drone BVLOS in uncontrolled airspace over a sparsely populated area, or within 1 km of a populated area, Transport Canada guidance indicates you must comply with CARs standards 922.07, 922.09, 922.10, 922.11, and 922.12.

If you are operating a medium drone BVLOS in uncontrolled airspace and at least 1 km away from populated areas, Transport Canada guidance indicates you must comply with CARs standards 922.08(3, 4, 5, 6), 922.09, 922.10, 922.11, and submit a declaration under 901.87(a).

You are allowed to fly BVLOS (without seeing the drone) only if your operation fits the specific criteria of Division V, Division VI, or is authorized by an SFOC.

Your drone's anti-collision lights must flash between 40 and 100 times per minute.

When flying BVLOS, you must have your drone's anti-collision lights turned on, unless safety conditions require you to turn them off.

This section mandates that remotely piloted aircraft conducting BVLOS operations must be equipped with active anti-collision lights and defines the technical specifications for these lights, including color, flash rate, visibility angles, and intensity, while providing a safety-based exception.

The anti-collision lights on your BVLOS drone must be white.

The lights must be visible 75 degrees above and below the horizontal plane of the drone, allowing only very minor obstructions (up to 0.5 steradians).

The anti-collision lights must be bright enough to be seen from at least one mile away in all directions.

If you are flying a small drone BVLOS within 1 km of populated areas or over sparsely populated areas, you must obtain a Pre-Validated Declaration from Transport Canada before operating.

BVLOS flights in areas with 5 to 25 people per square kilometer are classified as sparsely populated and require compliance with CAR 922.07.

Ensure the RPA remains at least 100 feet away from any person who is not directly involved in the flight operation.